, , ,

Artificial Intelligence Replacing Doctors and Lawyers? Medicine / Law / Technology / Medicine (4 Registered Users)

Beginners:

  • complex skills – skomplikowane umiejętności

People will need to learn new complex skills if they want to find a job.

Intermediate:

  • replace – zastąpić/ wymienić

It is very probable that robots will replace doctors and lawyers in the next 20 years.

Advanced:

  • laborious – żmudny/ czasochłonny

The robots will first of all perform laborious tasks.

  • 0:30′ accuracy- dokładność / precyzja
  • 0:37′ take over tasks done by doctors – przejąć zadania / czynności wykonywane przez lekarzy
  • 2:18′ tremendous benefit – ogromna korzyść
  • 2:52′ Concerns aside, …  – odkładając na bok wątpliwości, …
  • 3:52′ relentless – nieustępliwy
  • 4:44′ expand impact and access – poszerzyć możliwości (wpływ) i dostępność
  • 4:56′ imminent – nieunikniony / bliski
  • 5:53′ outperform sb .– działać skuteczniej / lepiej niż …
  • 5:54′ augment – udoskonalać/ uzupełniać tutaj: umiejętności

Watch HERE THE FILM on the advancement of AI in medicine

Full text:

  • replace – zastąpić
  • accountant – księgowy
  • predicted surge in … – gwałtowny wzrost …

ROBOTS could replace  lawyers, doctors and accountants  in just 20 years after a predicted surge   in machine-done jobs.

  • repetitive and laborious tasks – powtarzalne i żmudne czynności
  • high skilled – wysoko wykwalifikowane
  • cause – spowodować / wywołać
  • obesity – otyłość

Machines have taken over repetitive and laborious tasks, but the study found that advancing technology may cause  the disappearance of some high-skilled roles. In biology and medicine, doctors and scientists were predicted to take on new titles such as ‘old-age health managers’, ‘body part makers’ and ‘obesity consultants’.

  • vulnerable – wrażliwe/ podatne/ tutaj: znajdujące się w niebezpieczeństwie

As a result of advances in machine learning, the task of interrogating large amounts of data is likely to become fully-automated, making jobs with any systematic component vulnerable. In fields such as law, accountancy and medicine, machines will produce generally better answers than humans’.

While job substitution by machines is alarming, we know, from experience, that we have always been able to adapt and find new roles for ourselves.  Professor Linda Gratton believes employees need to think more creatively about how they achieve career progression in the future.

  • a third of jobs – 1/3 zawodów / miejsc pracy
  • ultimate implication – ostateczny / końcowy wniosek
  • gain additional complex skills – uzyskiwać/ wyrabiać dodatkowe skomplikowane umiejętności

‘Studies have suggested that a third of jobs in Europe will be replaced by technology over the next two decades. As middle-skilled roles disappear, workers may find that the steps  above them no longer exists, and that the career ladder may begin to look more like a career web. The ultimate implication is that workers cannot now expect to gain seniority by moving ‘up’, but rather moving sideways by gaining additional complex skills ‘.

WATCH HERE the futurist speaking about AI in medicine

Moduł językowy opracowany w oparciu o artykuł: ‘Robots and Machines Could Replace Doctors and Lawyers in just 20 Years’, opublikowany na express.co.uk 

/Autor
, ,

Effective Communication Between the Departments. Business / Technology (4 Registered Users)

  • effective – skuteczny
  • efficient – wydajny
  • significant factor – znaczący czynnik
  • contribute to …  – przyczynić się do …
  • inter-departamental communication – komunikacja między działami
  • evident – jasny/ czytelny/ oczywisty
  • to implement policy – wprowadzić strategię
  • to maintain effective flow of communication – utrzymać/ zapewnić skuteczny przepływ informacji

Effective and efficient communication between departments is believed to be one of the most significant factors contributing to the overall success of the company. One of the more important forms of organizational communication is inter-departmental communication, the Institute for Public Relations notes. The importance of communication between different departments in an organization becomes most evident when that communication breaks down. Implementing policies to strengthen inter-departmental communication helps to show its importance and maintain an efficient flow of information.

  • to deliver accurate information – dostarczać dokładne informacje/ precyzyjne dane
  • fact checking step – etap sprawdzania/ weryfikacji danych/ faktów, etc.
  • to ensure – zapewnić
  • reliable – godny zaufania

Effective communication builds trust within the organization. When departments trust each other to deliver accurate information, this eliminates the extra fact-checking step that can slow down productivity. Departments should ensure that the information they are giving to other departments in the organization is reliable to help improve operational efficiency.

  • service can suffer – może ucierpieć standard obsługi klienta
  • invoice – faktura
  • accounts department – dział księgowości
  • to retain clients – utrzymać klientów
  • to maintain high level of cutomer service – utrzymać wysoki standard obsługi klienta
  • to attend to clients – dbać o …/ szanować klientów

When inter-departmental communication is poor, customer service can suffer.

For example, if a client continues to receive a bill for an invoice that was already paid because the accounts department is not communicating properly, then there is the risk of losing business.

To retain clients and insure the flow of repeat business, you need to maintain a high level of customer service. When the departments in your company are efficiently sharing information, then clients can be properly attended to, and customer service improves.

  • increase in product demand – wzrost popytu na towar
  • loss of revenue – utrata zysków
  • sales projections – założenia sprzedażowe

If your sales department loses business because the manufacturing group was unaware of an increase in product demand, then your company suffers a loss of revenue. The accurate exchange of information between departments improves the ability to meet sales projections, to get product to distribution points and to have contracts and documents reviewed by the proper people.  Improving communication between departments improves the efficiency of the overall operation of your organization.

  • breakdown – zaburzenie/ przerwanie/ konflikt
  • notification – zawiadomienie
  • shipment – wysyłka/ przewóz/ transport
  • finger-pointing – szukanie winnych
  • to accompany – towarzyszyć
  • to engage in conflict – angażować się w konflikt
  • entire organization – cała struktura/ firma/ organizacja

A breakdown in communication at any point in the organization can result in conflict. If the shipping department does not get notification of an important shipment in time to make next day delivery, then that can cause a conflict among several departments in the organization. Finger-pointing and arguing accompany a breakdown in inter-departmental communication. When departments engage in conflict, the productivity of your entire organization is affected.

Watch HERE 2 popular techniques on communication in the team

/Autor
, , ,

Robot Lawyers… the Future is Now! Law/ Technology/ Business (4 Registered Users)

Beginners:

diminish- pomniejszać/ obniżać

The artificial intelligence may diminish the role of the lawyers in future – Sztuczna inteligencja może w przyszłości pomniejszyć rolę prawników.

Intermediate:

demand compensation- domagać się/ dochodzić odszkodowania

After the accident he demanded compensation – Po wypadku domagał się wypłaty odszkodowania.

Advanced:

to a law firm’s advantage- na korzyść kancelarii prawniczej

Implementation of modern technology solutions turned out to work to a law firm’s advantage– Wprowadzenie nowoczesnych rozwiązań technologicznych okazało się korzystne dla firmy prawniczej.

  • advances in … postępy w … 
  • diminish  – pomniejszyć / obniżyć
  • replace – zastapić

Article:

Advances in artificial intelligence may diminish lawyers’ role in the legal system or even, in some cases, replace them.  For years, artificial intelligence has been automating tasks—like digging through piles of legal documents and highlighting keywords.

WYMOWA

  • perform legal research – prowadzić badania / analizę / poszukiwania, etc.
  • provide answers – udzielać odpowiedzi

In the past year, several  law firms have “hired” Ross, a robotic attorney powered in part by artificial intelligence, to perform legal research. Ross can understand questions asked in normal English and provide specific, analytic answers.

  • processing – przetwarzanie / process – przetwarzać
  • to a law firm’s advantage – na korzyść firmy / kancelarii prawniczej
  • plaintiff – powód
  • convince – przekonywać

Lex Machina applies natural-language processing to millions of court decisions to find trends that can be used to a law firm’s advantage. For instance, the software can determine which judges tend to favor plaintiffs, summarize the legal strategies of opposing lawyers based on their case histories, and determine the arguments most likely to convince specific judges.

  • go one step further – iść o krok dalej 
  • based on … – w oparciu o …

A Miami-based company called Premonition goes one step further and promises to predict the winner of a case before it even goes to court, based on statistical analyses of verdicts in similar cases. “Which attorneys win before which judges”?

  • bet on … – stawiać na …
  • pay a lawsuit’s fee and expenses – opłacić koszty postępowania
  • in your favor – na twoją korzyść
  • litigation – postępowanie sądowe

If you can predict the winners and losers of court cases, why not bet on them?

A Silicon Valley start-up called Legalist offers “commercial litigation financing,” meaning it will pay a lawsuit’s fee and expenses if its algorithm determines that you have a good chance of winning, in exchange for a portion of any judgment in your favor.

  • 0:14′ gain the attention – przyciągnąć uwagę / zwrócić czyjąś uwagę
  • 1:48′ launch a product – uruchomić / wprowadzić na rynek
  • 1:51 get a ticket dismissed – otrzymać decyzję o uchyleniu grzywny / mandatu
  • 2:15′ people with limited resources – osoby w trudnej sytuacji finansowej lub życiowej
  • 2:49′ turn down offers – odrzucać oferty
  • 2:54′ expand – poszerzyć / rozszerzyć / rozwinąć

Watch HERE the interview with the creator of AI product to dismiss traffic tickets

Moduł językowy opracowany na podstawie artykułu: ‘Rise of the Robolawyers’, opublikowanego na theatlantic.com 

/Autor
, ,

Boston Prepares for Flooding. Business / Technology (4 Registered Users)

Boston, the American city famous for the Irish Community, basketball and its role in the American independence, is now fighting the rising seas.

  • famous for … – słynący z …
  • high-rise condominium developments – inwestycje/ projekty wysokich osiedli
  • acquire – nabywać/ zdobywać

Boston is  raising streets, building anti-water constructions  and even requiring that new high-rise condominium developments on its harbor acquire “aqua fences” — portable metal barriers that can be dragged to the street and anchored to the pavement protect from  incoming waves.

  • equal to … – równy / równowartość
  • defend from … / protect from … – chronić przed … 

The city spends  $30 million a year, equal to 10 percent of Boston’s budget to defend the city from a watery future that is expected because of climate change.

  • managed retreat – kontrolowane wycofanie się
  • waterfront cities – miasta nadmorskie

“People talk about a managed retreat” for waterfront cities, said Boston’s chief of environment, energy and open space, Christopher Cook. “Where do we retreat to?”

  • vulnerable to … – podatne na …
  • commission – zamówić / zlecić

Boston is retarders as  the world’s eighth most vulnerable to floods among 136 coastal cities in the study produced by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. The sea that surrounds Boston crept up 12 cm in the 20th century and is advancing ever faster toward the heart of the city. And as climate change accelerates, the pace of sea-level rise in Boston is expected to triple, adding eight inches 2030, according to a report commissioned by the city.

  • confront the threat – stawiać czoło … / walczyć z zagrożeniem
  • take steps / take measures – podejmować kroki
  • contain the problem – poradzić sobie z … / zapobiegać problemowi
  • at a relatively affordable price – (dosłownie i w przenośni) niskim kosztem
  • within a short timeline – w krótkim czasie / szybko
  • at an estimated cost of … – w szacowanej cenie …
  • watertight – wodoszczelne

As much as or more than any other coastal city in the country, Boston is confronting this  threat by taking steps now to contain the problem — at a relatively affordable price and within a short timeline. In Charlestown, the city plans to raise the level of Main Street  at an estimated cost of as much as $3 million. The higher structure would block the main flood pathway and protect more than 250 residences and 60 businesses.The Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority is spending $22 million to build watertight steel doors that can be closed at the entrance of a rail tunnel near Fenway Park.

  • 0:04′ adopt the goals – przyjąć / zaakceptować cele
  • 0:47′ potential impact – potencjalny wpływ
  • 1:11′ detail może być też czasownikiem – szczegółowo podawać
  • 1:15′ reminiscent of … – przypominający / przywołujący wspomnienie o …
  • 2:23′ feasible – możliwe / praktyczne / realne

Obejrzyj TUTAJ raport CBS na temat przygotowań Bostonu

Lekcja językowa inspirowana artykułem ‘Boston Prepares for Rising Seas”, opublikowanym na washingtonpost.com

 

/Autor
, ,

Green Energy Producers Smash Records! Business/ Technology (4 Registered Users)

Beginners:

  • around the world – na całym świecie
  • clean energy industry – branża czystej/ekologicznej energii

Around the world, 8.1 million people work  in the clean energy industry.

Intermediate:

  • renewables – energia odnawialna
  • provide – zapewniać/ dostarczać

Renewables still provide 44% of the EU’s electricity.

Advanced:

  • emerging economies – gospodarki rozwijające się
  • outspend – wydać więcej/ zainwestować więcej

For the first time, emerging economies outspent richer nations in the green energy race.

Full version:

  • upsurge – gwałtowny wzrost
  • smash global records – pobić światowe rekordy
  • account for … – stanowić / odpowiadać za …

An upsurge in new wind, solar and hydro plants and capacity saw renewable energy smash global records this year, according to a report on new supply. Clean energy investment increased to $286bn (£198bn), with solar energy accounting for   56% of the total and wind power for 38%.

  • renewables – odnawialne źródła energii
  • remarkable – ważne / godne odnotowania
  • fossil fuels – paliwa kopalne
  • dependance on … – zależność od … / uzależnienie od …

Overall, more than twice as much money was spent on renewables  than on coal and gas-fired power generation $130bn.

What is truly remarkable  about these results is that they were achieved at a time when fossil fuel prices were at historic lows.  For every dollar spent boosting renewables, nearly four dollars were spent to maintain our dependence on fossil fuels.

  • outspend – wydać więcej od… / niż…  (czasownik nieregularny: outspend – outspent – outspent)
  • set ambitious targets – ustanowić ambitne cele

For the first time, emerging economies outspent richer nations in the green energy race, with China accounting for a third of the global total. Jamaica, Honduras, Uruguay and Mauritania were among the highest investors.

African and Latin American countries also set some of the world’s most ambitious targets  for clean energy deployment last year.  Around the world, 8.1million people are now employed in the clean energy industry – excluding hydropower – 3.5 million of them in China. In the US, more people now work in the solar industry than in oil and gas extraction.

WATCH HERE the interview on the falling prices of solar energy production

  • 0:03′ slump in … – gwałtowny spadek …
  • 0:19′ subsidies – subsydia / dotacje / wsparcie finansowe
  • 01:33′ resurgence – odrodzenie
  • 02:07′ plummet – synonim dla slump 🙂
  • 02:21′ complimentary – uzupełniające

Moduł językowy opracowany na podstawie artykułu: ‘Renewable Energy Smashes Global Records’, opublikowanego na theguardian.com 

/Autor
, ,

Post-Mobile Era. Business/ Technology (4 Registered Users)

Beginners:

  • early stage- wczesny etap

We are in the early stage of this project.

Intermediate:

  • get used to …- przyzwyczajać się do …

The world is just getting used to smartphone revolution.

Advanced:

  • make a very meaningful progress- dokonywać bardzo znaczącego postępu

The world is making a very meaningful progress in machine learning and artificial intelligence.

Full version:

  • rely on…  – polegać na …
  • sift through – przesiewać
  • make a meaningful progress – dokonywać znaczący postęp
  • terrifying – przerażający

The world is only just getting used to the smartphone revolution, but … Google’s Sundar Pichai is already thinking “post-mobile”. It’s no longer enough to program machines with all the answers or to rely on traditional statistical analysis to allow them to work out what’s what – instead, the firm now relies on techniques that allow computers to teach themselves by sifting through  massive amounts of data, learning from patterns, regularities and interconnections. The potential is massive, Pichai believes. “We’ve been mak(-e)ing a very meaningful progress in machine learning and AI. ”To some, Google’s strategy will seem terrifying: won’t artificial intelligence end up automating all jobs, and, in extremis, lead to a Terminator-style where machines take control?

  • harness – opanować
  • disruptive – niepokojący / burzący ład
  • recount – przypominać / wspominać
  • early stage – początkowy etap rozwoju

The Google boss believes that the benefits of harnessing AI will be much greater than the costs and that the changes will take decades, allowing societies to adapt. New professions will continue to be created, replacing jobs that are automated. He thinks, however, that over time society will come up with a new social contract to deal with the changes.

“Technology is always disruptive. But it’s a force for making people’s lives better. It’s also an incredibly democratising force over time.” AI will be transformative he believes, and not just in his company’s own area. Take medicine. He recounts that “just in the last months, we’ve seen some young people in Google diagnosed with cancer. It’s shocking to see. I look at that and I think: can machine learning and artificial intelligence make progress on these things? In my mind, the answer is yes. We are in such early stages. It’s imperative that we bring this to the world.”

  • make bottom-up initiatives – wspierać / dbać o inicjatywy oddolne

The key is to nurture bottom-up initiatives. Google allows its staff to dedicate 20 per cent of their time to interesting projects: that’s how it invented Cardboard, a cheap way of enjoying virtual reality. One of its core products, the Android operating system that now powers so many devices, is open source.

WATCH HERE the predictions about the years to come. LINK

/Autor
, ,

New Shopping… Business / Technology (4 Registered Users)

Beginners:

  • domestic appliances – urządzenia AGD

Domestic appliances will soon be used to do the shopping from home – Urządzenia AGD będą wkrótce używane do robienia zakupów z domu.

Intermediate:

  • hassle-free – bezproblemowy

Hassle-free shopping will create the opportunities both for the customers and retailers – Bezproblemowe zakupy stworzą nowe możliwości zarówno dla klientów, jak i sprzedawców.

Advanced:

  • price comparison sites – strony/ witryny do porównywania cen

Price comparison sites are not only used by the customers, the retailers take advantage of them when they compile their price lists for their  products or services – Strony do porównywania cen nie są używane wyłącznie przez klientów; sprzedawcy wykorzystują je gdy tworzą cenniki na swoje produkty lub usługi.

Full text:

  • provide unlimited shopping opportunities – zapwnić/ dostarczać nieograniczone możliwości zakupowe
  • make / take immense effort – podejmować ogromne wysiłki
  • unveil – ujawnić
  • nod head – skinąć głową
  • domestic appliances – urządzenia AGD

The Internet of Things will provide unlimited shopping opportunities  and the commercial companies are making immense effort to show their innovation. The Chinese giant Alibaba has just unveiled  the Virtual Reality system which allows the shopper to signal the decision to purchase by nodding their head when wearing goggles. Amazon’s Dash button will be placed at the domestic appliances, so you will select the brand and amount of detergent by clicking the icons located on the dishwasher’s screen.

  • prophets of business – prorocy / wizjonerzy biznesu
  • hassle-free – bezproblemowy
  • price comparison sites – strony / witryny do porównywania cen
  • service providers – usługodawcy 

Technology will enable the users to signal the purchasing decisions “in the moment” rather then go to the nearby supermarkets. The prophets of business  are already thinking about the next step: contextual shopping, which will be even more hassle-free. The shopping will be done on the social media platforms and dedicated search sites (like the airplane ticket price comparison sitesr ather than be redirected to the original sites of the service providers. Credit card details will be stored on a number of devices like dishwashers or cars, possibly even clothes,  and the shopping decision will be signaled just by waving the hand or starting the motor…

 

/Autor
, ,

The Future of Medicine is… Bioelectric. Medicine / Technology (4 Registered Users)

  • chronic condition – choroba przewlekła
  • diabetes – cukrzyca
  • prescribe – przepisać / zalecić
  • upcoming reality – nadchodząca / zbliżająca się rzeczywistość

NAGRANIE WYMOWY:

If you suffer from chronic condition, such as diabetes or hypertension, your doctor may soon prescribe an implant to you. A small electronic device, introduced through standard micro-surgery, will change the messages your nerves send and thus, make you feel better. It is not the science fiction, it is the upcoming reality.

  • pacemaker – rozrusznik
  • irregular heartbeat – nieregularna praca serca
  • spinal cord – rdzeń kręgowy
  • relieve the patient from pain – uwolnić pacjenta od bólu
  • peripheral nervous system – obwodowy układ nerwowy
  • loosen – uelastycznić / oczyścić 
  • suffer from … – cierpieć na …

Electrical impulses have been used in medicine for long: pacemakers transferring impulses to the heart and correcting irregular heartbeat or electrical stimulation of the spinal cord to relieve the patients from pain. However, in contrast to the aforementioned, bioelectronics works by using the body’s peripheral nervous system.  The result of the treatment: loosening the airway of someone suffering from asthma, for example, or stimulating cells to produce insulin for patients with type 2 diabetes.

  • medication – leczenie
  • manage condition – leczyć objawowo
  • multiple – liczny
  • care for … – opiekować się … 
  • eliminate side-effects – eliminować skutki uboczne

Many chronically ill patients have to take daily medication for the rest of their lives – medication that manages the condition rather than cures it, and that can be accompanied by uncomfortable side effects. The need to remember to take medication daily (particularly if multiple tablets are involved) can be stressful, especially for older patients and those caring for them. A bioelectronic implant may remove that daily stress as well as eliminate the side-effects.

  • launch a new company – tutaj: założyć …
  • bring about the promise – zrealizować obietnicę
  • bring to the venture – wnieść do spółki / przedsięwzięcia
  • complementary expertise – dodatkowa / uzupełniająca wiedza specjalistyczna
  • encouraging – zachęcające / discouraging – zniechęcające

The newly launched company:  Galvani, will be working to bring  about the promise of bioelectronic medicines to patients around the world. Some founder brings to the venture deep scientific and clinical expertise, while the other invests complementary expertise: technological knowhow to create the small, low-power electronic implants. The results of the therapeutic concepts tested in rats are encouraging.

  • restore – naprawić / odbudować / 
  • reliably – niezawodnie

It is predicted that in several cases implant  will be able to completely restore the nervous system to a healthy state, in others, the implant may quietly and reliably continue doing its work over long periods of time. “They will be designed so that they can reliably operate for several years,” says Kris Famm, Galvani’s president.

  • 0:32′ grow immensely – dokonać ogromnego postępu
  • 0:43′ harness – opanowywać / wykorzystywać
  • 1:38′ trigger activity – wywołać / stymulować aktywność / działanie
  • 1:50′ alternatively – opcjonalnie
  • 2:28′ constriction of airways – uciskanie / obkurczanie / zwężenie dróg układu oddechowego
  • 2:36′ obesity – otyłość
  •  2:46′ bladder – pęcherz moczowy
  • 2:47′ pancreatic function – funkcje trzustki
  • 2:50′ ovary – jajnik
  • 2:52′ infertility – bezpłodność

Watch HERE the amazing presentation of the bioelectric medicine opportunities

Moduł językowy inspirowany artykułem ‘The Future of Medfical Technology: Bioelectronic and Treatment of Medical Conditions’, opublikowanym na guardian.com

 

/Autor
, ,

Virtual Reality: from Games to Science. Business / Technology (4 Registered Users)

  • develop cutting edge technologies – rozwijać nowatorskie technologie
  • entertainment websites – rozrywkowe strony www
  • provide entertainment – zapewniać rozrywkę
  • boost the popularity – gwałtownie zwiększyć popularność
  • facilitate – wspierać/ umożliwić

Game industries have helped develop cutting-edge technologies into the mainstream consumer market several times  before, i.e. at the beginning most entertainment websites were focused on providing sexual and game entertainment. It was the same with print, video, or even-ebooks. The sexual and fun content boosted the popularity which was later used in other areas of activity. So the experiments conducted by VR producers might facilitate the development of software which will replace the traditional games and then … archives, schools and galleries, conference rooms, not to mention the whole entertainment industry… we might end up walking in the movies.

  • overestimate – przecenić/ przeszacować,
  • share the projects regardless of … – dzielić się/ udostępniać projekt niezależnie od …
  • obtain feedback – otrzymać informację zwrotną,
  • enter the manufacturing stage – wejść w fazę produkcyjną

The VR impact on business is difficult to overestimate: the teams will be able to share the projects regardless of the geographical locations. Ford is working on the project which will allow the drivers to experience the car and obtain their reactions or feedback before the prototype enters the manufacturing stage. The educational opportunities provided by VR are endless: from the grammar school pupils journey into the African wild-life through driver’s training up to the university laboratories.

Watch HERE how virtual reality immerses employees in professional training

/Autor
, , ,

Tech and Political Methods to Control Internet in China. Business / Technology / Law (4 Registered Users)

3 minute introduction to the topic: ENTER HERE TO WATCH BBC short report on Internet Censorship in China.

  • 0:28′ I know we are suppressed but it doesn’t affect me- Wiem, że jesteśmy ograniczani (supress- ograniczać/ głębić/ tłamsić/ dominować) , ale nie ma to na mnie wpływu/ nie martwi mnie
  • 0:51 a challenge to American dominance – wyzwanie rzucone amerykańskiej dominacji
  • 01:00′- no mention of free Internet – bez wzmianki/ bez informacji o …
  • 01:41′ successful blocking – skuteczne blokowanie/ blokada
  • 01:56′ block and filter online content – blokować i filtrować treści umieszczane w Internecie

The Guardian article ‘The Great Firewall of China…’ quotes analysis: 

  • set out vision – przedstawić wizję
  • path of development – ścieżka rozwoju
  • interference in … – ingerencja w …
  • internal affairs – sprawy wewnętrzne

Xi Jinping, set out his vision for the future of China’s internet. “We should respect the right of individual countries to independently choose their own path of cyber-development,” warning against foreign interference in other countries internal affairs’.

  • devote resources to … – poświęcić/ przekazać środki na …
  • online content – treści umieszczane w Internecie

In recent years, the Chinese leadership has devoted more and more resources to controlling online content.

  • perceive as ….- postrzegać jako …
  • advance commerce and innovation – rozwijać handel i innowacje
  • accelerate political change – przyspieszać zmiany polityczne
  • powerful tool – silne/ cenne narzędzie

The challenge for China’s leadership is to maintain what it perceives as the benefits of the internet: advancing commerce and innovation, without letting technology accelerate political change […].  But the internet continues to serve as a powerful tool for citizens seeking to advance social change and human rights.

  • supplement with … – uzupełniać … (czymś)
  • play by Chinese rules – grać/ postępować według chińskich zasad

Throughout the early 2000s, the Chinese leadership supplemented technology with a set of new regulations designed to ensure that anyone with access to China’s internet played by Chinese rules.

  • follow Chinese law – postępować zgodnie z …/ przestrzegać chińskiego prawa

Internet censorship that called for Chinese universities to recruit internet commentators who could guide online discussions in politically acceptable directions and report comments that did not follow Chinese law.

  • impede economic growth – negatywnie wpływać/ niszczyć/ hamować wzrost gospodarczy
  • unreliable – zawodny/ niewiarygodny
  • rank … in the world for speed – zajmować … pozycję na świecie w kategorii/ pod względem szybkości

Growing control over the internet does not come without costs. An internet that does not work efficiently or limits access to information impedes economic growth. China’s internet is unreliable, and ranks 91st in the world for speed. As New Yorker writer Evan Osnos asked in discussing the transformation of the Chinese internet:

“How many countries have an internet connection to the world that is worse than it was a year ago?”

  • prize innovation – cenić/ nagradzać innowacyjność
  • at risk – w niebezpieczeństwie

Scientific innovation, particularly prized by the Chinese leadership, may also be at risk. After the VPN crackdown, a Chinese biologist published an essay that became popular on social media, entitled Why Do Scientists Need Google? He wrote: ‘If a country wants to make this many scientists take out time from the short duration of their professional lives to research technology for climbing over the Great Firewall and to install and to continually upgrade every kind of software for routers, computers, tablets and mobile devices, no matter that this behaviour wastes a great amount of time; it is all completely ridiculous.’

Powyższe cytaty, pochodzą z artykułu: “The Great Firewall of China: Xi Jinping’s Internet Shutdown’, opublikowanego na theguardian.com 29.06.2018. Link do pełnego, doskonałego artykułu

 

: 

/Autor