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• defining feature – najważniejsza cecha
• contribute to … – mieć udział w … / przyczynić się do …
• affect – mieć wpływ na …  (zwykle w kontekstach negatywnych, neutralnie: ‘influence’)
• equip with … – wyposażyć w …
• dull and meaningless – pusty i nic nie znaczący

Stress has become a defining feature of the 21st century, contributing to the mental-health crisis, affecting unborn children. But it is not always the villain it is made out to be. Psychologists are keen to equip us with the knowledge that some stress can be good, healthy and productive. This type is known as “eustress” and without it, they say, our lives would be dull and meaningless.

• have a bad reputation – tutaj cieszyć się złą sławą/ mieć złą opinię
• crucial to survival – niezbędny dla przetrwania
• elevate performance (świetne!) zwiększać jakość, np. pracy, nauki, formę sportową
• alertness – uważność
• adapt to …  – przystosować się do …

Daniela Kaufer, a neuroscientist at the University of California, Berkeley.

“Stress has got such a bad reputation. There’s this perception that stress is always bad for the brain, but that’s not true. Your stress response is crucial to your survival. It elevates your performance, is super-important for alertness and prepares you to adapt to the next thing that comes along.  Exams being a good example”.

• acquaint with … -zapoznać się z … / poznać …
• take oneself out of comfort zone – wyjść ze strefy komfortu

This effect is something that business relationship mentors are  well acquainted with. If you take yourself out of your comfort zone, it stretches you and pushes you. It improves everything about you.

• it is initially terrifying – na poczatku jest to przerażające
• become second nature – staje się naturalne
• habituate to … – przywyknąć do …
• stimulus/stimuli – bodziec / bodźce

What initially is terrifying, getting up in front of numerous people, becomes second nature. We habituate to frequently experienced stimuli. And then, when you’re used to it, you don’t have that same physiological response.”

meet challenge – sprostać wyzwaniu

growth opportunity – szansa rozwoju

cope with … – radzić sobie z …

• look at deadlines and workload as a challenge to be met or a growth opportunity rather than something that is impossible to cope with,
• reflect on the positive sides of your work,
• get used to your emotions and learn to live with them and be more accepting of them rather than trying to over-manage them

 

Beginners:

• test perfectly- świetnie się sprawdzić

The sellers prefer to employ people who tested perfectly in the previous tournaments – Sprzedawcy wolą zatrudniać ludzi, którzy doskonale sprawdzili się w czasie poprzednich turniejów.

Intermediate:

• cherish tradition- kultywować tradycję

Strawberry is one of the Wimbledon’s symbols and the British cherish this tradition – Truskawka jest jednym z symbol Wimbledon i Brytyjczycy kultywują tę tradycję.

Advanced:

• turn up at the terraces- pojawić się/ przyjść na trybuny

In summer thousands of spectators turn up at the Wimbledon terraces with the bowl of strawberries- Latem tysiące widzów pojawiają się na trybunach Wimledonu z miseczką truskawek.

Full Text:

• go back to the 1950s – sięga lat pięćdziesiątych / pochodzi z …
• premium – najwyższa jakość
• meet high expectations – sprostać najwyższym oczekiwaniom
• confectionary shops – cukiernie

A cup of strawberries is a symbol of the most famous tennis tournament in the world. The story of cooperation between the hosts and some strawberry farmers goes back to the 1950s. Only the premium  berries are accepted… only the special British varieties which meet the high expectations. Some London confectionary shops  have been supplying the strawberry cakes for almost a century.

• suppliers – dostawcy
• obtain – otrzymać / uzyskać
• turn up at the terraces – pojawić się na widowni
• volume of orders – wartość / wielkość zamówienia
• scone – babeczka

All the suppliers have to obtain the offcial license. At first, the contracts were on a much smaller scale but as the size of the tournament grew and more people turned up at the terraces, the volume of orders grew as well. The final orders arrive daily, in the late hours. And the team of workers is ready to bake overnight the delivery of 10 000 scones, all handmade, all perfectly round. The volume of the order depends on the day… in the final stages of the tournament more people come and spend longer hours, if it’s going to rain people will eat more, etc.

• test perfectly – świetnie się sprawdzać
• rush nights – gorące noce / szalone wieczory, etc.
• word of mouth – marketing szeptany
• cherish tradition – kultywować tradycję
• take by surprise – zaskoczyć
• crepe – naleśnik
• don’t go together – nie pasują do siebie

There are many criteria on the basis of which the hosts estimate the consumption. The confectionaries never advertise for the staff: they want well-trained employees who tested perfectly in the rush night of the previous years. On the basis of the word of mouth they get over 40% of people returning. Wimbledon cherishes the tradition , and the suppliers are sometimes taken by surprise … when some years ago they wanted to introduce strawberry crepe… and they even set up a nice crepe operation… they found out that the crepes and British don’t go together.

Stars’ Fav Way to Eat Wimbledon Strawberries

Beginners:

health problems- problemy zdrowotne

Health problems often result from lack of activity- Problemy zdrowotne często wynikają/ są spowodowane brakiem atywności.

Intermediate:

to be in motion- być w ruchu

Small children are in motion all the time- Małe dzieci są/ pozostają w ruchu cały czas

Advanced:

vigorous exercise- intensywny wysiłek fizyczny

Too vigorous exercise may be dangerous for the cardiovascular system- Zbyt intensywny wysiłek fizyczny może być niebezpieczny dla układu naczyniowego.

Full text:

Are we fighting thousands of years of evolutionary history and the best interests of our bodies when we sit all day?

• at the core of  – w centrum (tutaj: jest przedmiotem/ tematem …)
• cardiovascular health – zdrowie układu naczyniowego
• tribe – szczep/ plemię
• hunter-gatherers – łowcy/ zbieracze
• be in motion – być w ruchu

That question is at the core of a fascinating new study of the daily lives and cardiovascular health of a modern tribe of hunter-gatherers. The findings strongly suggest that we are born to be in motion with health consequences when we are not.

• they were set – były ustalone
• mismatch – konflikt / niezgodność / niedopasowanie
• well-established – jasne / ustalonew / poznane
• point out – wskazać / wskazywać
• gain weight – przybrać na wadze
• develop health related problems – rozwinąć problemy związane ze zdrowiem

Evolutionary biologists have long believed that the basic structure of human bodies and genomes were set  tens of thousands of years ago, when we were hunter-gatherers. But we no longer live in a hunting and gathering world. Mostly we live in offices and in front of screens, where we sit and have food brought to us. The health consequences of this mismatch are well-established. Many scientists have pointed out  that the easy availability of food creates an obesity-friendly world, in which we easily gain weight and develop related health problems. 

• heart-rate monitors  – urządzenia monitorujące pracę serca
• moderate exercise – umiarkowany wysiłek / ćwiczenia
• vigorous exercise – intensywny wysiłek / ćwiczenia

But we have not really known just how much physical activity may be natural for us. Researchers from Yale University, the University of Arizona asked some of the tribespeople if they would wear heart-rate monitors around their chests. The scientists focused on heart rates since most modern recommendations about exercise involve intensity. We are told that we should aim for at least 150 minutes per week of moderate exercise or 75 minutes of vigorous exercise.

• determine – określać
• formula based on age – wzór oparty na wieku
• data prove … – dane udowadniają …
• briskly – żwawo

The simplest way to determine exercise intensity is with heart rate. By most definitions, moderate exercise raises someone’s heart rate to between 55 and 69 percent of that person’s maximum heart rate, while vigorous exercise raises it to between 70 and 89 percent. Maximum heart rate can be calculated from a formula based on age. They moved a lot, the data proved,  typically being active for more than two hours every day. The men would walk briskly throughout most days. The women would find, dig up, gather and prepare fruits, vegetables and other foods. 

• the vast majority of this activity  – zdecydowana większość tej aktywności
• moderate – umiarkowany
• remain active – pozostawać / nadal być aktywnym
• enviable heart health – zdrowie serca godne pozazdroszczenia
• across life span – przez całe życie

The vast majority of this activity was moderate. The tribespeople rarely ran or were otherwise vigorously active. They remained active, too, well into middle and old age, with those tribespeople in their 70s moving as much as or even more than the young. Perhaps most important, the tribespeople also had enviable heart health. The scientists found that the Hadza tribe typically showed low blood pressure and excellent cholesterol profiles across their life spans, even deep into old age.

• 0:08 hit the jogging trails – wyruszać / ruszać na ścieżki biegowe
• 0:35′ it brings up the issue – to wywołuje / wysuwa (etc.) kwestię …
• 0:43′ learn the lesson – wyciągnąć wnioski
• 0:51′ blood vessels – naczynia krwionośne
• 1:36′ detectable – wykrywalne
• 2:09′ sudden increases in activity – gwałtownie zwiększona aktywność
• 2:16′ reasonable program – rozsądny program
• 2:39′ well-hydrated – dobrze nawodniony
• 2:43′ preventive measures – środki zaradcze / ochronne
• 2:49 health status – stan zdrowia

Watch HERE the great film on the benefits of exercise

 

 

Beginners:

heart disease- choroba serca

The number of people with the heart disease is higher every year- Ilość osób cierpiących na choroby serca jest wyższa każdego roku.

Intermediate:

processed meat- mięso przetworzone

The scientists generally agree that the processed meat has negative effect on health- Naukowcy zgadzają się, że przetworzone mięso ma negatywny wpływ na nasze zdrowie.

Advanced:

cardiovascular disease- choroba układu krążenia

Cardiovascular disease ma be the result of adopting lifestyle which poses threat to health- Choroba układu krążenia może być wynikiem prowadzenia stylu życia, które stanowi zagrożenie dla naszego zdrowia

Full article:

• stroke – wylew
• prevent  -zapobiegać
• cardiovascular disease – choroba układu krążenia

Thousands of deaths from heart disease  and stroke  could be prevented   if everybody ate a Mediterranean diet, a major study of the UK’s eating habits has shown.

Dr Nita Forouhi, lead author from the Medical Research Council epidemiology at the University of Cambridge:

“We estimate that 3.9% of all new cardiovascular disease cases or 12.5% of cardiovascular deaths in our UK population could potentially be avoided if this population increased eating according to the  Mediterranean diet.”

• dairy – nabiał
• processed meat – przetworzone mięso

The Mediterranean diet  includes a lot of fruit and vegetables, olive oil, nuts, some fish and dairy  and little red and processed meat. It usually includes a small amount of red wine.

• numerous studies  – liczne badania
• likely – prawdopodobny
• take into account – brać pod uwagę

Numerous studies have displayed stunning results, those with higher scores – more elements of the Mediterranean diet in their daily meals – were less likely to get heart disease and to die as a result of it after taking into account  other problematic factors such as smoking, weight and physical activity.

• follow a Mediterranean diet – stosować dietę śródziemnomorską
• nutrition – odżywianie
• cut dow on … – ograniczyć …
• mindful – ostrożny/ świadomy

People who have have heart disease are already recommended to follow a Mediterranean diet in the UK. The new study shows it is helpful for everyone else as well, said Forouhi. Dr Louis Levy, head of nutrition science at Public Health England, said:

“The Mediterranean-style diet in this study is in fact similar to official UK advice. We also recommend cutting back on sugary, fatty and salty food and drinks and being mindful of  calories to help protect your heart and general health.”

Dlaczego dieta śródziemnomorska jest tak zdrowa: film British Heart Foundation

 

Easter is coming! And I know that some of you really like skiing. That’s why…. today, some useful words when listening to the instructor. Remember about the sounds! Zima nadchodzi! Niektórzy z Was są pasjonatami narciarstwa. I dlatego.. dzisiaj trochę przydatnego słownictwa, które umożliwi Wam łatwe zrozumienie słów i komend instruktora na stoku. 

00:18′ ligaments- ścięgna

00:19′ muscles-mięśnie

00:30′ toes- palce u stóp/ ankles- kostki/ knees- kolana/ hips- biodra / shoulders- barki

00:40 twist into the hill- wykonywać skręt/ obrót w kierunku stoku

00:48′ ski down the hill- zjeżdżać ze stoku

01:05′ good exercise to encourage the position- ćwiczenie pozwalające utrwalić/ wyrobić pozycję

01:09 get rid of the poles- tutaj: odłożyć  kijki

01:13 involve the arms- wykorzystać ramiona 

01:23′ thigh- udo

01:29′ right arm gonna point where the ski’s going- prawa ręka będzie wskazywać/podążać za kierunkiem jazdy narty

01:36 push across the ski- wpychać/ popychać w poprzek narty

01:43′ don’t force/ don’r rush this-nie wymuszaj/ nie przyspieszaj tego

01:58 it should be very smooth- należy to wykonywać bardzo płynnie

02:21′ release the turn- wyjdź ze skrętu

02:58 be careful not to overdo it- uważaj aby nie przesadzić

03:05′ medium/long turns- średnie/ długie skręty.