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Technology is increasingly shaping the legal sector, as it has the financial sector. Private legal startups are finding digital solutions to take the day-to-day pain out of in-house work. Even when it’s not possible for in-house teams to cope with a project or workload, the traditional external solutions are being challenged.

• contract reviews – recenzje umów / kontraktów
• mergers and acquisitions – fuzje i przejęcia

Lexoo is bringing Uberisation to corporate law. The London-based company, founded in 2014, has built a network  of specialist lawyers around the globe, and can deploy them for anything from contract reviews to mergers and acquisitions.

• run departments more efficiently – prowadzić własne działy / oddziały bardziej wydajnie

We are just at the beginning of a new phase in the way law companies operate. In-house leaders buying legal services are increasingly more tech oriented and aware of the different ways to run their departments more efficiently, and that’s driving change. The legal scene is very far behind other markets in efficiency compared to fintech,” says Van Binsbergen.

WATCH HERE the great conversation on the role of digital technology in legal business.

• billing model – model rozliczeń / system rozliczeń
• continually adapt to … –  nieustannie dostosowywać się do …
• pose multiple challenges – stanowić/ przedstawiać wiele wyzwań

“The frustrations with traditional law firms have been there for years, but alternatives weren’t available. It would make sense for them to react and turn to technological solutions, but that just hasn’t happened as much as you would expect because of their billing models.”

Private law firms, it seems, will survive. But to do so they’ll need to continually adapt to the multiple challenges posed by regulation, financial propriety and technology.

Lesson inspired by the article ‘Legal Analytics: When Big Data Meets Big Law’ , published by The Guardian. 

Beginners:

technological and human resources – zasoby technologiczne i ludzkie

Wealthy companies have enough technological and human resources to fight hackers – Zamożne firmy mają wystarczające zasoby technologiczne i ludzkie do walki z hakerami.

Intermediate:

intrusion-detection systems – system wykrywające ataki/ napastników

Modern intrusion-detection systems have to be constantly updated – Nowoczesne systemy wykrywania ataków muszą być nieustannie aktualizowane

Advanced:

advocate retaliation solution – opowiadać się za …/ wspierać rozwiązanie odwetowe

Many American corporate lawyers advocate the implementation of the retaliation solution – Wielu amerykańskich prawników opowiada się za wprowadzeniem rozwiązania odwetowego.

Full text:

• law enforcement authorities – organy ścigania
• widespread phenomenon – powszechne zjawisko
• technological and human resources – zasoby technologiczne i ludzkie

In case of hacking… the law enforcement authorities are slow, under-financed, not properly equipped to fight the widespread phenomenon of hacking. There is a voiced proposal that says that in case of hacking… the tech companies with their wealth, technological and human resources should be allowed to effectively hack back.

• company premises – siedziba firmy
• encryption – kodowanie
• intrusion detection systems – system wykrywający ataki
• intruders – napastnicy
• advocate retaliation solution – opowiadać się za … / wspierać rozwiązania odwetowe

This would be a revolutionary step, which would take the methods of security from the company premises: encryption, anti-virus software, firewalls, intrusion-detection systems … to the outside world: primarily the world that attacks them by, for example, crashing the servers of the intruders. The retaliation solution is advocated by many independent think tanks and lawyers who professionally deal with the problem and criticize the anti-hacking regulations for being too restrictive for the targets of attack rather than intruders. There are some lawyers who even believe that there should be regulations which allow the public bodies and companies working together to infiltrate external networks in the name of self-defense.

Watch HERE the film on Russian Hacking Scandal Retaliation

Beginners:

• headline-tytuł

Palermo was often presented in the headlines as the mafia city – Palermo było często przedstawiane w tytułach jako miasto mafijne.

Intermediate:

• pass the law- przyjąć ustawę

The special laws were passed to take over the property of the mafiosos – Specjalne ustawy zostały przegłosowane celem przejęcia nieruchomości mafiozów.

Advanced:

• bounce back- odżyć (przenośnie)

Thanks to the reforms the city bounced back – Dzięki reform, miast odżyło.

Full text:

• headline – tytuł (prasowy / telewizyjny)
• a point of no return – sytuacja bez wyjścia
• bounce back – tutaj: odżyć
• trademark – marka / symbol
• take measures – podjąć działania

‘Palermo just like Beirut’ was the headline in an Italian newspaper  in 1992 when 1500 soldiers armed with machine guns kept order in the city . Italy’s mafia wars marked the worst moment in Sicily’s history. Many people thought Palermo had reached a point of no return, but its ability to bounce back from crisis has become a trademark  of a city that has been invaded more often than any other in the Mediterranean.  Something in the town was changing. As the army patrolled Palermo  and its citizens, furious at the bombing and killing, came out on to the streets in their thousands to support the judges and protest against the mafia. Marches and banners alone were not likely to worry the Cosa Nostra, though. The state would have to take measures. 

• pass laws – przyjąć ustawy
• associates – wspólnicy / partnerzy
• municipal – miejski
• obtain a lighter sentence – otrzymać niższy / lżejszy wyrok
• in turn – z kolei

Special laws were passed against mafia heads and their associates, including municipal employees who worked for them. Penalties and prison conditions were made harsher, encouraging many gangsters to become informers in efforts to obtain lighter sentence, which in turn led to further arrests.

• property – nieruchomość / majątek
• abandon – porzucić
• seize – przejąć / odebrać

The city council provided public funding to stimulate and homeowners began investing in renovating their properties (nieruchomości/ majątki), some of which had been abandoned (porzucone) since they were damaged during the second world war. In 25 years, more than 60% of the city’s historic buildings have been renovated.  Remodeled sites include the Giardino della Memoria, or the Garden of the Remembrance. Seized (przejęty/ odebrany) from a mafioso in 1993, it is now into a 25,000 sq m park full of mandarin, lemon and orange trees, many of bear the name of someone who was killed for opposing the Cosa Nostra. Elsewhere, a beautiful villa in the countryside, which once served as a meeting place and business hub for local gangsters, has been turned into the headquarters of a local Scout movement. These are just three of about 800 new sites.

• emblematic – symboliczny
• rebirth – odrodzenie
• anchor – zacumować
• ancient harbour – starożytny port

La Cala, Palermo’s yacht harbour and marina, for which the International Biennial of Architecture prize in 2015 was awarded to the city.  It is emblematic of the rebirth of Palermo. Hundreds of yachts are anchored here now, while greenery and cafes surround the ancient harbour, and tourists, runners and cyclists enjoy a place whose recent past is now only a bad memory.

• regain – odzyskać
• illegal – nielegalny
• ordinary – zwyczajny / codzienny

Palermo has regained its squares, many of which were used by the mafia as illegal car parks, and where it was better to pay up if you wanted to return to find your car in one piece. Palermo is also getting greener, with newly installed electric trams and a metro connecting the outskirts to the city centre. All this might seem ordinary in Amsterdam, Zurich and Oslo, but in a city whose streets were patrolled by hundreds of armed soldiers until 1998, it is no small event.

Watch HERE a nice city guide to Palermo:)

Moduł językowy opracowany na podstawie artykułu: ‘The Resurrection of Palermo…’, opublikowanego na theguardian.com 

Beginners:

• effect payment – wykonać płatność

The buyer effected the payment on time and received the purchased product – Klient wykonał płatność o czasie i otrzymał zakupiony produkt.

Intermediate:

• reservations – zastrzeżenia

The lawyer had a lot of reservations to the draft of the contract – Prawnik miał wiele zastrzeżeń do projektu umowy.

Advanced:

• subject to the scrutiny of the control/ examination – poddać wymagającej i dokładnej kontroli/ badaniu.

The list of payments was subjected to the scrutiny of the control by the tax office – Lista płatności została poddana wymagającej i dokładnej kontroli urzędu skarbowego.

Full text:

• tough regulations – ostre/ precyzyjne regulacje/ przepisy
• according to the market demand – zgodnie z rynkowym zapotrzebowaniem/ popytem

Bitcoins and other cryptocurrencies are subjected to the scrutiny of tough control  in The United States as they are considered to be speculative investments and it has been suggested that tough regulations  are needed. The recommendation is to treat the risk equally to selling/buying the shares at the Stock Exchange. They rise and fall purely according to the market demand.

• limited resemblance to … – niewielkie podobieństwo do …
• to a very limited extent – w bardzo niewielkim stopniu
• reservations – zastrzeżenia
• the means to pay – sposób płatności

The Bank of England states that bitcoin has only limited resemblance to  the traditional currencies as it acts as money to a very limited extent  and is used by the relatively very few people. According to some reservations, digital currencies behave more like an investment that the means to pay.

• effect huge and prompt overseas transactions  – wykonują ogromne i szybkie transakcje zagraniczne
• alternative to … – alternatywa dla …

The cryptocurrency has recently attracted a lot of interest from the technological companies which need to effect huge and prompt overseas transactions   and treat the cryptocurrency as the cheap alternative to the major banks’ services.

• for the same reasons – z tych samych powodów
• drug-trafficking and money-laundering – handel narkotykami i pranie pieniędzy

Unfortunately, for the same reasons and also due to the fact that the transactions are difficult to track, the cryptocurrencies are also the favorite choice in the criminal market: drug-trafficking and money-laundering.

Watch HERE the Film on the School that Prefers Bitcoin to Other Forms of Payment

Beginners:

restore access- odzyskać dostęp

The access of the patients to the files is restored.

Intermediate:

investigate the matter- badać sprawę/ prowadzić śledztwo

The anti-cyber-attack police department is investigating the case.

Advanced:

take precautionary measures- podejmować środki zapobiegawcze

In face of the cyber-attacks the companies have to take urgent precautionary measures.

Full text:

The largest NHS archive in England has been hit by a cyber-attack that could affect (mieć negatywny wpływ na ….) thousands of files across at least four London hospitals. Barts health trust (fundacja), which runs five hospitals (prowadzi pięć szpitali) in east London has sent a message to staff asking them not to open email attachments (załączniki) from unknown senders. Barts is urgently investigating this matter (pilnie bada sprawę/ prowadzi pilne śledztwo w sprawie) and has taken a few precautionary measures (środki zapobiegawcze).

The trust has not said how much of its system has been affected by the attack or if patient data have been ripped (włamano się do danych pacjentów). The employees have been informed of a major cyber-attack on NHS organizations.

This issue highlights the fact that there are threats to data security within the health and care sector (sektor opieki zdrowotnej), as with any other sector. In October, the Northern Lincolnshire and Goole foundation trust was hit by an attack in which malware (złośliwe oprogramowanie)  was used to encrypt file (szyfrować pliki) and demand a ransom (zażądać okupu) in order to restore access (przywrócić dostęp). The trust did not pay the ransom but was forced to cancel patient appointments (odwołać wizyty pacjentów) as its systems were shut down to remove the virus. The trouble is that local authorities and governments aren’t very prepared and they have extremely valuable information (cenna informacja) that simply can’t be lost, so they’re a tempting target (kuszący cel)  for cybercriminals.

Cyber defence is essential, but it’s no longer enough; organisations of all sizes need to invest in detecting threats (wykrywanie zagrożeń) as well. Only then will cyber criminals be caught early enough to expel them from the network (usunąć z sieci) before serious damage is done.

WATCH THE FILM

Moduł językowy opracowany na podstawie artykułu: ‘London NHS Hospital Trust Hit by the Cyber-Attack’, opublikowanego na theguardian.com 13.01.2017.