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Criterion / Criteria, nieregularna liczba mnoga w ważnych rzeczownikach. Wszystkie kategorie branżowe (dostęp abonamentowy)

Datum – Data / Phenomenon – Phenomena / Criterion – Criteria

W czasie kilku ostatnich spotkań szkoleniowych online, pojawiły się wątpliwości co do formy liczby mnogiej od ważnych rzeczowników:

  • criterion (kryterium) – liczba mnoga: criteria
  • phenomenon (zjawisko) – liczba mnoga: phenomena
  • datum (informacja, fakt, wielkość liczbowa, czynnik) – liczba mnoga (dane liczbowe, statystyczne, informacje): data

Język angielski w tym przypadku korzysta ze słów pochodzących z języka greckiego, zachowuje nieregularną w tym przypadku liczbę mnogą, bez zwyczajowej dla języka angielskiego końcówki’s’.

Dlatego w przykładach:

  • biznes: What are the most important criteria for the recruitment of new candidates.
  • lotnictwo: Windshear and unexpected turbulence are dangerous weather phenomena
  • medycyna: We have to analyze various data before we decide on the way of treatment for this patient.
  • prawo: There are several dangerous social phenomena which may arise from the present condition of society.

Sprawdźcie wymowę

 

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Digital Detox … Technology / Medicine

Beginners:

  • neglect – zaniedbywać/ lekceważyć

Many people who use much Internet neglect their duties.

Intermediate:

  • vary – różnić się

The method how people limit Internet use vary.

Advanced:

  • negative impact on … – negatywny wpływ na …

The overuse of digital technology may have negative impact on career and family life.

Full version: 

  • obsession with … – obsesja na punkcie …
  • neglect – lekceważyć / zaniedbywać
  • survey – sonda / badanie opinii publicznej
  • constant – stały / nieustający
  • negative impact on – negatywny / niekorzystny wpływ na …
  • manners – zasady dobrego wychowania / postępowania

The scale of theUKs obsession with the internet is illustrated by a new study showing that ever increasing amount of time we spend online is leading to lost sleep, neglected housework and less time spent with friends and family. More than 30% of UK internet users are deciding to take “digital detox” breaks from the web. On average, UK adults now say they spend 25 hours a week online. The survey  also found that constant  connection was had a negative impact on  our manners.

  • admit – przyznać
  • deliberately – umyślnie / z rozmysłem

Among teenagers, 60% admitted being late for school because they were glued to connected devices. Three in 10 said they had gone on some form of digital detox holiday, with 16% saying they had chosen a location with no internet access and 13% that they  deliberately left their phone at home. Almost one in 10 went further and visited a place without even a telephone line. Those who took a digital detox generally said it was a positive experience: they were more productive and  enjoyed life more.

  • keep up to date – być na bieżąco
  • current affairs – wydarzenia bieżące
  • in particular – w szczególności

Even if many people needed time away from the internet, the majority were enthusiastic about the benefits of the web, such as keeping up to date with current affairs, being inspired to try new things such as travel or restaurants and keeping in touch with friends or family. Younger age groups in particular, while being more aware that they were spending too much time online, were more convinced of its benefits.

Watch HERE the Clip on Digital Detox Camp

Moduł językowy zainspirowany artykułem:’More than a Third of UK Internet Users Have Tried Digital Detox’, opublikowanym na theguardian.com 

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FOMO: Fear of Missing Out. Business / Medicine

Beginners:

  • fear of … – strach przed …

Fear of technology is more popular among older people – Strach przed/ Obawy dotyczące technologii są bardziej popularne wśród starszych osób.

Intermediate:

  • negative impact on … – negatywny wpływ na …

Staying online all the time has negative impact on our professional and family life – Nieustanne pozostawanie online ma negatywny wpływ na nasze życie zawodowe oraz prywatne.

Advanced:

  • desire to stay up to date with … – pragnienie bycia na bieżąco z …

The desire to stay up to date with the latest development of events pushes people to stay online 24/7- Pragnienie bycia na bieżąco z rozwojem wydarzeń sprawia, że ludzie nieustannie pozostają online.

Full text:

  • the fear of missing out – lęk przed pominięciem wiadomości)
  • desire to stay up to date – pragnienie bycia na bieżąco z …
  • stare at …  – wpatrywać się w  …
  • commute – dojeżdżać do pracy
  •  browse the internet – przeglądać strony internetowe

FOMO- the fear of missing out gets a lot of attention from the doctors, psychologists and business people. The syndromme is often identified as the desire to stay up to date with the stream of information and it regards both private and professional lives. The business people staring at   their smartphones when they commute , the students scrolling up and down their Facebook walls during the breaks, middle-aged couples browsing the internet  in bed in the evening not to miss any item which might be interesting to them…. and not reading/watching anything to the end just because something new appears or might appear.

  • dangerous to … – niebezpieczny dla …
  • transform knowledge – przetwarzać wiedzę
  • unlimited access to … – nieograniczony dostęp do …
  • quotations at the Stock Exchange – notowania giełdowe
  • update – aktualizacja
  • negative impact on … – negatywny wpływ na …
  • family bonds – więzi rodzinne

The psychologists warn that some of these behaviors may be dangerous to  our mental system: the growing percentage of people use their smartphones while having sex! The human mind is programmed TO KNOW and then TRANSFORM knowledge. That is why Internet opened such a dangerous channel- the never-ending stream of unlimited access to information. Missing information on the latest quotations at the Stock Exchange  or ‘friend’s’ latest update  on Facebook develops the sense of guilt and missing something important, it has negative impact on our real friendships and family bonds.

  • constantly observed – nieustannie obserwowani
  • in turn – z kolei
  • compulsive – nałogowy

In the growing number of extreme cases people create the image of themselves on the social media which doesn’t reflect their real personalities and then they lose control on who they really are, which version of them is the real one. They believe they are constantly observed , just the way they observe others. That, in turn, leads to impulsive behavior: doing things just to show them on Facebook or Instagram rather than for the real experience. The consequence:  impulsive or even compulsive buying, traveling, social life, etc.

  • 0:29′ credit sb. for sth. – przypisywać coś komuś, np. uznać kogoś za autora
  • 0:46′ enter the market – wejść na rynek
  • 0:47′ launch the product – wprowadzić produkt

Watch HERE the film on FOMO

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develop / transmit/ contract disease. Medicine (4 All Users)

Ważne rozróżnienie, w zależności od rodzaju choroby, jej przebiegu stosujemy w języku angielskim inne czasowniki: develop / transmit, contract

choroby przewlekłe, typowo z czasownikiem develop:

  • Due to the unhealthy lifestyle, the patient developed several chronic diseases: diabetes, obesity and hypertension – Z powodu niezdrowego trybu życia pacjent zachorował na kilka chorób przewlekłych: cukrzycę, otyłość oraz nadciśnienie tętnicze.
  • The pace of tumor development was slowed down by the experimental medication – Tempo rozwoju nowotworu zostało spowolnione poprzez eksperymentalne leczenie farmakologiczne.

choroby bakteryjne lub wirusowe, z czasownikami transmit / contract:

  • The patients who had been infected but didn’t test positive transmitted the virus in the public means of transport to the crowds of anonymous passengers – przekazali/ zarazili innych 
  • Many passengers contracted the virus from those who had been infected but didn’t test positive yet –  wiele pasażerów zaraziło się …

 

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Is the Golden Age of Travel Gone..? Business / Aviation / Medicine

  • scale down – zmniejszać / ograniczać
  • go to the wall – być “pod ścianą”
  • bankruptcies – bankructwa

Due to the coronavirus epidemic, we have seen big carriers scale down and a few smaller ones go to the wall. Bankruptcies and the end of service on some routes are sure to follow.

WYMOWA:

  • early stage of reinstating passenger air service – wstępny etap uruchamiania lotów pasażerskich
  • lockdown – zamknięcie / zakaz wyjścia
  • quarantine – kwarantanna
  • operating restrictions – ograniczenie działalności
  • disruptions – zakłócenia / zaburzenia
  • agility – zwinność / umiejętność / talent
  • perilous – w niebezpieczeństwie/ zagrożony
  • recovery – powrót / wyzdrowienie / wychodzenie z recesji

In some regions of the world, carriers are in the early stages of reinstating passenger air service. Clearly, they are seeking  way through various versions of financial chaos in an uncertain world of partial lockdowns, quarantines, operating restrictions and possible further disruptions. Survival looks to be a matter of cash, agility and luck

But while the immediate future is perilous, the events of the coming months or even couple of years say little about whatrecovery will eventually look like. For the airline industry as a whole, consider three key points.

One is the price of oil.

  • for the foreseeable future – w dającej się przewidzieć przyszłości
  • key suppliers – najważniejsi dostawcy
  • low demand for … – niski popyt na …
  • faltering demand – wahające się/ niestabilne zapotrzebowanie / popyt

Always an obsession with airline bosses, fuel will be cheap for the foreseeable future. The oil industry is characterized by geopolitics between key suppliers Saudi Arabia and Russia. Unfortunately, recession means low demand for goods, services like air travel, and commodities such as oil. Whatever the producers choose to do, fuel will be cheap even as demand falters.

Second is safety when travelling – and here, the signs are not good.

  • development of a coronavirus vaccine – opracowanie szczepionki na koronawirus
  • remedy – lek
  • decade – dziesięciolecie / dekada
  • regardless of … – niezależnie od …
  • take measures to protect – podejmować działania aby chronić

Don’t hold out hope for fast  development of a coronavirus vaccine; talk of having such a remedy within a year to 18 months is coming from politicians and business people – not from scientists, whose experience points to decades. Regardless of the measures taken to protect people in airports and on board, the Covid-19 experience is going to leave many people afraid  of travelling, except when they need to.

  • risk aversion – niechęć do podejmowania ryzyka
  • they will be reluctant to expect – będą niechętni oczekiwaniu / wymaganiu
  • cautious – ostrożny

Risk aversion will be especially notable in business travel; companies will be reluctant to expect employee travel. Experience suggests that another pandemic will hit sooner rather than later, and remind everybody to be cautious.

Third, pure economics

  • reluctance to travel for non-essential purposes – niechęć do podróżowania w celach, które nie są niezbędne/konieczne
  • debt fueled spending – wydawanie środków finansowanych zadłużeniem
  • widespread unemployment – powszechne bezrobocie
  • job insecurity – niepewność zatrudnienia

It will reinforce reluctance to travel for non-essential purposes. The coming recession is already blowing away all  nice-but-not-necessary debt-fuelled spending. Before the pandemic struck, consumer and corporate debt was already at alarming  level. Now, widespread unemployment and job insecurity will only establish an instinct to save rather than spend.

  • 0:46′ ban on … – zakaz …
  • 2:48′ thin margin – niska marża
  • 3:03′ incite to buy – skłonić do zakupu
  • 3:46′ lay off – zwolnić z pracy
  • 4:04′ incur costs – ponosić koszty
  • 5:08 it will take an awful lot of time – to będzie trwało bardzo długo

OBEJRZYJ TUTAJ: ciekawy wywiad na temat przyszłości lotnictwa

Moduł językowy przygotowany na podstawie artykułu ‘Has a Golden Age of Travel Passed’, opublikowanego na flightglobal.com

 

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Midlife Crisis… How to Deal with … Business/ Medicine

They say there are numerous methods to deal with it. Let’s take a look at some 🙂

Method 1: ignore!

  • go through ups and downs – przechodzić lepsze i gorsze chwile
  • make excuses – usprawiedliwiać
  • balanced life – zrównoważone życie
  • anxious – zestresowany/ zaniepokojony

Every relationship goes through ups and downs, but you were so busy with day-to-day life and made so many excuses for your partner’s behaviour that you didn’t notice the bad days  were stretching into months and maybe even years.One of central mantras for helping people lead a balanced life is: what is this feeling trying to tell me? If you keep feeling anxious, there might be a good reason.

Method 2: become a critical parent;)

  • respond – odpowiedzieć
  • go through a tough patch – przechodzić ciężki okres

We have three parts to our personality: parent, adult and child. We need them all. Child is the source of our intuition, creativity and play. We sometimes need to parent our partner and look after him or her when ill or going through a tough patch. The problem when we repeatedly parent is that our partner will repeatedly respond like a child. Parent is divided into two parts: care and critical.

Method 3: involve children

  • aware of … – świadomy
  • offer support – zapewnić wsparcie
  • take sides – opowiadać się po jednej ze stron
  • concern – zmartwienie/ troska
  • reassure – upewnić/ zapewnić/ wzmacniać
  • draw conclusions – wyciągać wnioski

Your children will be aware of your behavior: they will ask questions and may offer support. Unfortunately, they are likely to take sides. Even if your children are now grown up, if you properly explain everything, you will fall into the “too much information” trap, which is not fair. So thank your children for their concern, and reassure them that you are dealing with the situation. Never criticise your partner to your children; keep the information you share with them to theminimum (your children can draw their own conclusions).

Method 4: understand

  • resolve the underlying problems – rozwiązywać rzeczywiste problemy
  • bruising rows – raniące awantury

Everybody has to journey through the middle passage to become a full adult. When your partner is critical, it is natural to defend yourself, get upset or fight back. These reactions do nothing to resolve the underlying problems and can lead to a cycle of bruising rows. There is one simple thing you can do: take a deep breath, remain calm and listen with a curious mind.

  • keep the show on the road – nie poddawać się/ tutaj: kontynuować związek
  • for the sake of the children – dla dobra dzieci
  • widen the gap – zwiększać dystans/ niezrozumienie
  • legitimacy – uzasadnienie
  • exaggerate – przesadzać/ wyolbrzymiać.

When you’ve been dealing with a depressed or angry partner, it is easy to see yourself as a hero, keeping the show on the road for the sake of the children. This can widen the gap between the two of you. If you can accept that even your partner’s wildest claims have some legitimacy, even  greatly exaggerated, you will have made a huge step forward. When you accept the bits that do seem reasonable, your partner will stop being defensive and the two of you can find different ways of communicating.

TUTAJ obejrzycie świetny film na temat męskiego kryzysu wieku średniego 😉

Moduł językowy opracowany na podstawie artykułu: ‘Help! My Partner is Having a Midlife Crisis’, opublikowanego na theguardian.com

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Preventing the Deterioration of the Brain. Medycyna/ Biznes. GOTOWE ZWIĄZKI FRAZEOLOGICZNE!

  • time is increasingly taking its toll on our brains- upływ czasu coraz, mocniej odbija się na naszym mózgu
  • we’re losing connections between them- tracimy połączenia między nimi
  • accept  as inevitable- – zaakceptować jako nieuniknione

Our brain is shrinking (probably). None of us is getting any younger and time is increasingly taking its toll on our brains; our neurons are getting smaller and we’re losing connections between them.

But should we accept this  as inevitable?

Is there anything we can do now to optimise our brains and protect them against the ravages of aging?

  • we are really discussing one of two things- zwykle dyskutujemy jedną z dwóch kwestii
  • minimize ongoing damage to the brain- minimalizować zachodzące uszkodzenia mózgu
  • improve the operation of the brain’s software- poprawić działanie “oprogramowania” mózgu
  • taking part in mentally challenging activities  preserves full intellectual capabilities-  udział w czynnościach stanowiących wyzwanie mentalne zachowuje pełne zdolności intelektualne
  • people will choose and adhere better to…- Ludzie będą wybierać i lepiej dostosowywać się do …
  • it is tricky to determine scientifically- trudno jest określić to naukowo

When we talk about healthy brain ageing we are really discussing one of two things: how to minimize ongoing damage to the brain, mostly by keeping its blood supply as good as possible; or how to improve the operation of the brain’s software.  There is plenty of evidence that older people who stay mentally active, by learning a new language, doing crosswords or taking part in other intellectually challenging activities preserves full intellectual capabilities for longer. Get more pleasure from cognitively challenging activities than people whose faculties are starting to fail. People will choose and adhere better to a regime of activities that they find more enjoyable, so it is tricky to determine scientifically. 

  • people who have spent more time doing intellectually demanding activities over a lifetime- ludzie, którzy przez całe życie spędzili więcej czasu wykonując bardziej wymagające intelektualnie czynności
  • protect from the consequences of brain damage- chronić przed konsekwencjami uszkodzenia mózgu
  • people with longer education or intellectually challenging employment- osoby mające za sobą dłuższą edukację oraz wymagające intelektualnie zatrudnienie

What is clear is that people who have spent more time doing cognitively demanding activities over a lifetime are, to some extent, buffered from the physical effects of brain ageing and degenerative diseases. We call this buffer “cognitive reserve” – a back-up reservoir of brain function that can protect from the consequences of brain damage, allowing us to continue to perform well. For example, people with longer education or intellectually challenging employment have been found to have a lower risk of developing dementia. This is despite the fact that their brains actually show normal amounts of age- and disease-related damage.

Inspired by the article ‘Age Old Problem: How to Stay Clever for Longer’, published on the guardian.com on December 03. 

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Being Married Gives You Better Health. Medicine

Beginners:

  • stable financial condition – stabilna sytuacja finansowa

Married people generally have much more stable financial condition– Ogólnie, małżeństwa mają znacznie bardziej stabilną sytuację finansową. 

Intermediate:

  • contribute to … – przyczynić się do …/ mieć udział w …

Good diet and social interaction contribute to good health condition- Odpowiednia dieta oraz aktywność społeczna przyczyniają się do dobrego stanu zdrowia.

Advanced:

  • display – okazywać/ pokazywać

Married people with children display more determination to stay healthy- Małżeństwa posiadające dzieci wykazują więcej determinacji do zachowania zdrowia.

Full text:

  • draw conclusions – wyciągać wnioski
  • 0verall health condition – ogólny stan zdrowia
  • ensourage healthy habits – promować zdrowe zwyczaje/ nawyki

Married people suffer from less deterioration of their mental power in the old age. The higher level of social interaction probably provides the explanation why. The experts have drawn the conclusionfrom the study involving 800 000 people from Europe, North and South Americas and Asia. Married people display more positive attitudes, care about diet more, are more socially active, etc. The economists suggest that married people are in a much more stable financial condition which definitely contributes to overall health condition. Spouses may help to encourage healthy habits, look out for their partner’s health and provide important social support.

CLICK HETE to watch the film on being married and better health:)

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Growing Apetite for Vegan Products. Business / Medicine

Beginners:

  • launch- uruchomić

Supermarkets launch vegan products promotional campaigns – Supermarkety uruchamiają kampanie promocyjne produktów wegańskich.

Intermediate:

  • rapidly expand- dynamicznie zwiększać/ poszerzać

The supermarkets rapidly expand their vegan product range to meet the customers’ expectations – Supermarkety dynamicznie poszerzają ofertę produktów wegańskich aby zaspokoić oczekiwania klientów.

Advanced:

  • grow fourfold/ manyfold in …- zwiększyć się czterokrotnie/ wielokrotnie w okresie …

The number of vegans In Europe  has grown manyfold in recent years- Ilość wegan w Europie zwiększyła się wielokrotnie w ostatnich latach.

Full text:

  •  keep up with their customers’ increasingly health-conscious food choices – nadążyć za …/ dotrzymywać tempa coraz większej ilości klientów dokonujących świadomych wyborów żywieniowych

Britain’s grocers are going vegan in an attempt to keep up with their customers’ increasingly health-conscious food choices. 

  • launch – uruchomić
  • increase vegan and vegetarian product range by 60% –  poszerzyć oferty produktów wegańskich i wegetariańskich o 60%
  • expand rapidly – zwiększać dynamicznie / gwałtownie
  • outsell (outsold-outsold) …  – sprzedać/ sprzedawać się  się w większej ilości niż…
  • counterpart – odpowiednik

Waitrose this week launched  dedicated vegan sections in more than 130 stores after increasing its vegan and vegetarian product range by 60% . Iceland is also rapidly expanding  its vegan range after its meat-free No Bull burgers outsold  their beef counterparts so far this year, while sales of its vegetable-based food have risen by 10% over the past 12 months.

  • for environmental and health reasons – z powodów środowiskowych i zdrowotnych

Chloe Graves, who runs the vegan and vegetarian range at Waitrose, said:

‘It is just becoming more normal now to have a couple of days a week meat-free for environmental or health reasons’ .

  • grow fourfold – zwiększyć się czterokrotnie

The number of vegans in the UK, who shun all animal products including dairy and eggs, has grown fourfold in the past 10 years  to about 550,000, according to the Vegan Society.

  • tap into new trends – wpisać się w nowe trendy / mody
  • take by surprise – zaskoczyć

Neil Nugent, the head chef at Iceland, where he is helping the frozen food specialist tap into new trends:

‘The company hoped to launch more meat-free products in the autumn after finding over-50s were just as keen on the idea as young millenials. It has taken us all by surprise. Customers are saying can you do more. I think the vegan and flexitarian market is the first major food trend that has come out of social media’.

Watch/ Read/ Listen: Supermarkets Increase their Vegan Range to Meet Demand.

Moduł językowy opracowany na podstawie artykułu ‘Apetite Grows for Vegan Products at UK Supermarkets’, opublikowanego na theguardian.com 

 

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Over-Prescription of Antibiotics. Medicine

Beginners:

  • evidence shows – fakty wskazują/ dowody świadczą

Evidence shows that taking too many antibiotics has negative effect on health – Fakty wskazują, że zażywanie zbyt dużej ilości antybiotyków ma negatywne skutki zdrowotne.

Intermediate:

  • limited effectiveness in .. . – ograniczona skuteczność w …

Antibiotics have limited effectiveness in fighting respiratory diseases – Antybiotyki wykazują ograniczoną skuteczność w walce z chorobami układu oddechowego.

Advanced:

  • prevailing way – przeważający, najpopularniejszy sposób/ dominująca/ podstawowa metoda

Unfortunately, prescribing antibiotics is the prevailing way of treating diseases – Niestety, przepisywanie antybiotyków jest najpopularniejszą metodą leczenia.

Full text:

  • in an attempt to … – mając na celu … , zmierzając do …
  • drug-resistant – odporne na działanie leków
  • advise – także: zalecić

Doctors have been told to stop routinely giving out antibiotics for common coughs, in an attempt (mając na celu, zmierzając do, aby) to save the NHS millions of pounds. The over-prescription of antibiotics has been linked to the rise of drug-resistant (odporne na działanie leków) superbugs. Around 38m prescriptions for antibiotics were written by GPs in the UK last year, costing the NHS £175m. The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (Nice) had advised (także: zalecić) doctors in England and Wales not to prescribe antibiotics straight away for respiratory infections in children and adults.

  • 00:30′ uptake in… – wzrost (synonim dla ‘increase’),
  • 00:53′ conservtive calculations – ostrożne szacunki/ obliczenia,
  • 01:41′ defense mechanisms – mechanizmy obronne,
  • 01:52′ susceptible bacteria – słabe/ wrażliwe/ tu: podatne bakterie,
  • 02:29′ inherently dangerous place – odpowiada mi tłumaczenie słowa ‘inherently’, jako: z istoty rzeczy, z samej definicji, etc.
  • 02:59 to generate … – wywołać/ spowodować … 
  • 03:46′ prevailing way – przeważający, najpopularniejszy sposób/ dominująca/ podstawowa metoda,
  • 04:17′ at the end of the day – to wszystko tak naprawdę sprowadza się do…
  • 04:46′ to magnify – zwiększyć/ powiększyć- dosłownie i w przenośni: poszerzyć zasięg/ zastosowanie, rozpowszechnić.

Watch HERE

Full text:

  • respiratory tract infection – infekcja dróg oddechowych
  • account for 60% – stanowić 60%
  •  evidence shows – fakty wskazują / dowody świadcza
  • limited effectiveness in … – ograniczona skuteczność …
  • eiyhold (witheld – withheld) – wstrzymać

A quarter of people in England and Wales visit their GP each year because of symptoms of a respiratory tract infection, such as ear infections, sore throats, coughs and colds. They account for 60%  of all antibiotic prescribing in general practice. But evidence shows that antibiotics have limited effectiveness in treating most respiratory tract infections, and complications are rare if antibiotics are withheld . The Nice guidance advise doctors to tell patients suffering from respiratory infections that they do not need antibiotics, or to offer them a delayed prescription.

  • kidney – nerka
  • liver – wątroba
  • ailment – schorzenie / dolegliwość
  • diabetes – cukrzyca

Patients should be reassured that antibiotics will “make little difference to symptoms and may have side-effects”, it states. The guidelines say doctors may wish to prescribe antibiotics immediately for children younger than two, or patients showing evidence of complications or pre-existing conditions that could make things worse, including heart, lung, kidney  or liver disease. Patients older than 65 with a cough and other ailments such as diabetes  or heart failure, or those over 80 with a cough and another ailment or previous problems, should also get the drugs.

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